1.1 Standard ML The programming language SML has its roots as a meta-language for defining proof tactics in interactive theorem provers. In this note, we introduce the SML language, and see how it can be used to compute some interesting results with very little programming effort. (* This runs in time O(n^2), where n is the length of the list. See Types and Type Checking by McQueen.). For example, I have the rule ::= if then else ... An easy way to develop an SML program is to edit a file, say file.sml, and simultaneously maintain a dialog with the SML system. After you invoke the system ... Standard ML of New Jersey, Version 110.0.6, October 31, ... An easy way to develop an SML program is to edit a file, say file.sml, and simultaneously maintain a dialog with the SML system. Here is a function to determine arithmetic sequences For an even sized list take the mean of the middle two. Notice that we use the letter u to represent any unary operator and the letter e to represent any term. but we will extend these principles to cover other aspects of the SML/NJ. sml takes the source of a SML program, compiles it to an intermediate code and executes it against a given list of database files (which may be empty). The first is equivalent to fn (x,y) => x + y, which clearly takes two ints and evaluates to an int. These are examples of syntactic variables or metavariables. All in all, this would be a repository for snippets of SML and SML/NJ programming lore. Just as a value declaration may be given interactively or be part of a and on Unix you can enter: $ mosmlc helloworld.sml -o helloworld. Everything will be The user-defined data types are reminiscent of Examples of such features include sockets, the input and output subsystem, the readers approach to text scanning and the use of continuations to handle non-local control-flow. Overview and statement of objectives at the start of each chapter. MLton 's compile-time options control the name of the output file, the verbosity of compile-time messages, and whether or … value declarations: *) val rent = 1200 val phone_no = 5551337 val pi = 3.14159 val negative_number = ~15 (* Yeah, unary minus uses the 'tilde' symbol *) … You can get it from [SML]. It returns the sequence, ie., the function from natural Introduction to Programming using SML,Michael Hansen,9780201398205,Computer Science,Programming - Intermediate,Addison-Wesley,978-0-2013-9820-5 (143), Programming experience with either Java or Fortran/Matlab Interest in numerical computing with C++ Interest in low-level details of the computer Knowledge of some C is advantageous (but not required) H. P. Langtangen Introduction … Note that the SML system infers the types of functions. There is another built-in type operator for functions. visible in different environments. They are quite general and encompass enumerated types as well. What are the correct building blocks? Keep the Boost.MSM - eUML 'goodies' Performance (see Performance) Memory usage (see Performance) eUML DSL (src_state + event [ guard ] / action -> dst_state) UML standard compliant (As much as possible) After you make changes, load the whole file by entering the phrase: Keep the Boost.MSM - eUML 'goodies' Performance (see Performance) Memory usage (see Performance) eUML DSL (src_state + event [ guard ] / action -> dst_state) UML standard compliant (As much as possible) Unlike source code files, the semicolon ';' is mandatory to terminate each expression in the REPL. Functions in SML Amtoft from Hatcli from Leavens De ning Functions Functions as Values Multiple Arguments Currying Polymorphism Multiple Argument Functions I In reality, each SML function takes exactly one argument and returns one result value. ML: Get Started With Metaprogramming - WhoIsHostingThis.com I give the SML syntax as general rules, rather than give specific examples, using a context-free grammmar notation that is fairly standard for programming languages. Example for versions SML/NJ 110 This example shows the naive way to implement the factorial function. We talk about three built-in programming environments like Emacs sml-mode, to send code into the interpreter.) 4-38 introduce the SML Editor and basic SML scripting concepts and conventions. Get the top SML abbreviation related to Programming Language. Examples: - fun abs (x) = if x >= 0 then x else ~x; val abs = fn : int -> int - fun abs (x) = if x >= 0.0 then x else ~x; val abs = fn : real -> real - fun test (x) = if x<0 then "negative" else "positive"; val test = fn : int -> string. Two or more values can be put inside a tuple. CSci 170: Analysis of Programming Languages Third ML examples Sets Suppose a set is given by a list of elements where each element appears exactly once. program, the same holds for function declarations. Each val declaration assocates a value an identifier. Note that if ... then .. else ... is an expression. Before starting this practical you should read Lecture Note 1, and the note Using Poly/ML.. 2 Aims. Syntax. For example, add 3 will evaluate to a function which will add three to its argument. variant record types found in other programming languages. val _ = print "Hello, World\n"; Then on Windows you can enter: > mosmlc helloworld.sml -o helloworld.exe. with other functions. If you need to resubmit your homework, add an additional underscore with a version number. Some pre-defined functions are ord, chr, size, substring. The examples of recursion we have seen so far are tail recursive. Examples of the simple data types. They may also be part Writing Scripts with SML SML in TNTgis The exercises on pp. Example - fun abs ( x ) = if x >= 0 then x else ~ x; val abs = fn : int -> int From x >= 0 , and since 0 is of type int, the ML interpreter infers that x must be an int >= requires that the arguments are … Programming Languages | Lecture 3 | Functional Languages (SML) 15 Type Inference and Overloading ML attempts to infer type from values of expressions Some operators overloaded (+, *, -) Inferred type may not be what you want - fun double x = x + x; val double = fn : int -> int Sometimes ML can’t determine type Force type with type constraints Example Dialog SML is an interactive system. SML, Some Basic Examples Simple arithmetic expressions and format. An introduction to producing technical documentation based on the SML … structured data types; For instance, x can be any identifier, and e can be any expression. List Processing in SML 8-13 Zipping: A Different Kind of List Product (* 'a list * 'b list -> ('a * 'b) list *) - ListPair.zip (["a","b","c"],[1,2,3,4]); An interesting thing to note with regard to the last example is that SML infers a type for the app function that it has loaded. type operators: tuples, records, and lists. coercion Function meaning example. Apply a list of parameters to a curried function. From int to real real convert to real real 1 = 1.0 from real to int floor, ceil, round, trunc floor ceiling round truncate round 3.5=4 round ~3.5 = ~4 floor 2.3 = 2 floor ~2.3=~3 ceil 2.3 =3 ceil ~2.3 =~2 trunc 2.3 =2 trunc ~2.3=~2. To compile and run, of course, that would be: > mosmlc helloworld.sml -o … This comment, for example, contains two nested comments. Then you can enter SML expressions and declarations at the prompt. It supports polymorphic type inference, which eliminates the burden of specifying types of variables and significantly encourages code re-use. Programming Assignment 2: SML. A syntactic variable is not an SML program variable; it is just a generic name for a certain syntactic construct. In the beginning, you were told that a program is a sequence of instruc- Variables: Here, the variables can be defined using the val keyword. Type operators combine types to form structured, or compound, types. Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference.It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers.. SML is a modern dialect of ML, the programming language used in the Logic for Computable Functions (LCF) theorem-proving project. Example: - val a = 2; - val b = 3; - val c = a + b; val c = 5 : int 3. STEPS The key to functional programming is combining functions The arguments are always evaluated before the function is applied. language. Atomic data: simple, "indivisible" types, including booleans, integers, Note that the SML system infers the types of functions. Example: Evaluate times6 5. times6 5= triple(double 5)from defn of times6= triple(2*5)from defn of double= triple(10)multiplication= 3*10defn of triple= 30multiplication. We can divide the collection of data types... Bindings. You should work through it while interacting with the SML system — in subsequent practicals, you will be expected to spend more time thinking about the problems involved before … and you have your executable. Example Dialog SML is an interactive system. In the example above, the two bindings of sum are fun dumbreverse(l) = if l = nil then nil else dumbreverse(tl(l)) @ [hd(l)] (* This uses a helper function with an accumulating parameter. functional-programming,sml,currying. Typically variant records are not used much in other programming languages, Assigned on Wednesday, April 17. What does SML stand for in Programming Language? # Simple list examples -- more than I did in class. point that fun and val are all the same. The root of the problem is that for this to work, the type of the folded function would have to change as it's folded through the list, and this (hopefully obviously) isn't possible. change from 24 to 3.51. ML for the Working Programmer assumes a little more programming experience than Elements of ML Programming, however either one ought to be adequate for learning the language.Both of these books are in their second editions, now covering the SML '97 version of the language and Basis. These notes are not a tutorial introduction to Standard ML. Basic Elements of SML. Standard ML (SML) is the most direct descendant of the original, CAML is another, Haskell is a more-distant relative. Coverage of modelling and abstraction using data structures and the SML module system. A rich collection of programming problems and a wide variety of examples. SML is a procedural computer programming language with extremely strong support for higher-order functions and abstraction. Programming Language SML abbreviation meaning defined here. Why isn't the definiton of triangle circular. but user-defined types are quite important to programming in ML. Higher-order functions, polymorphism and lists go together well. After you invoke the system (usually with the command name sml), a banner is displayed. An accumulating parameter is another common form of recursive programming. Functional programming emulation; Huge complexity may overwhelm in the beginning; A lot of Boost dependencies [Boost].SML design goals. Value declarations may be given interactively. In the recursive case we perform some function to the accumulating parameter and pass it on. This is more clearly seen by looking at the previous examples as anonymous or lambda functions. numbers to integers that generates each element of the sequence. ML has a rich collection of data types. It is often called a “functional” language, and it can be used that way, but SML is an imperative language with mutable storage and side effects. Over the years, the language evolved into a full-fledged programming language, with excellent features for both small-scale and large-scale programming. ML for the Working Programmer assumes a little more programming experience than Elements of ML Programming, however either one ought to be adequate for learning the language.Both of these books are in their second editions, now covering the SML '97 version of the language and Basis. I If we need to pass multiple arguments, we generally package the arguments up in a tuple. Look for what is important---reoccuring patterns. However, it is not tail recursive, since the recursive function call is not the only statement on the line. 1 Prerequisites. It is a statically composed language, with an extensible type framework. Here are some functions in ML that implement the operations of membership. (Unfortunately value polymorphism gets in the way of the main In SML, the types can of argument and result can often be inferred by the SML COMPILER!!! from what one may be used to. basic data types; Functional programming emulation; Huge complexity may overwhelm in the beginning; A lot of Boost dependencies [Boost].SML design goals. Thanks to type inference, the type annotations can be omitted and will be derived by the compiler. For example, if I need to resubmit my sml1a.sml file, I would name it sml1a_2.sml (for version 2). We can construct data types which carry data - these are akin to variant It has been used with New Jersey ML and Edinburgh ML but should work with any Currying is simply the concept of making a function in several It is called BNF (for Backus-Naur form). Several properties make SML an interesting language. The remainder of the booklet introduces advanced SML development techniques and advanced script types. As with the examples so far we usually have a base case - this returns the accumulating parameter. sml (-I) (-s|-S) (-c|-C) (-t|-T) (-r) (-f) (-i item) (-d dic) program (datafile(s)) DESCRIPTION sml is the interpreter for a programming language called SML which is described below. We recommend the first two in this list. Don't assume anything about the order of the elements in the list. This practical is designed to get you familiar with the SML programming environment. user-defined types; All of the examples in this book have been tested on Linux using version 110.0.7. Due at 5 PM on Friday, May 3. coercion function meaning example. Each line describes the form of a sequence of terms in the SML language. It is also available for Microsoft Windows. *) (* A Standard ML program consists of declarations, e.g. : Example for versions MLton, Moscow ML 2, SML/NJ 110. print is a built-in function defined with the following type: . 1.3 Expressions, values, and bindings All programming languages allow users to manipulate data, and all useful languages provide two kinds of data: 1. List Processing in SML 8-13 Zipping: A Different Kind of List Product (* 'a list * 'b list -> ('a * 'b) list *) - ListPair.zip (["a","b","c"],[1,2,3,4]); of an SML program. ML has six basic data types: integer, string, character, boolean, real, and unit. It is available for a variety of machine architectures running some flavour of Unix. Examples: Hello, World! from geometric sequences. • SML provides datatypes (disjoint unions) Example (Binary Trees) - datatype ’a bintr = LEAF of ’a = | NODE of ’a bintr*’a bintr; datatype ’a bintr = LEAF of ’a | NODE of ’a bintr * ’a bintr ⇒ this works for any number of variants • creating a new tree: Example - val tree = NODE (NODE(LEAF 1,LEAF 4),LEAF 7); The best text and video tutorials to provide simple and easy learning of various technical and non-technical subjects with suitable examples and code snippets. string -> unit This means that it takes 1 string as a parameter, and returns the unit type, (). helloworld.sml. SML/NJ comes with a concurrent programming library known as Concurrent ML or CML. 1. Pages 38-52 discuss specific program tech-niques for different types of geodata objects. Standard Meta Language (SML) is a type-safe programming language that encapsulates numerous innovative ideas in programming language plan or design. Rewritten without the type annotations, the example looks like: fun fac 0 = 1 | fac n = n * fac (n - 1) The function also relies on pattern matching, an important part of ML programming. Today I will show some examples of SML programs. The ^ operator concatenates strings. Example: - 10 + 20 val it = 30 : int 2. We recommend the first two in this list. For example, mlton foo.cm will compile the complete SML program consisting of the concatenation of all the SML files referred to (either directly or indirectly) by foo.cm. Here SML has been asked to evaluate an expression that corresponds to appending the two lists [1,2] and [3,4] and it has done this using the definition of app it has been provided with. Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference.It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers.. 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